Characteristics and performance of the ESTEC large space simulator cryogenic system

The final concept and performance characteristics of the Large Space Simulator (LSS) at ESTEC, The Netherlands are discussed. The LSS cryogenics system has proven its operational capabilities under simulated heat load conditions and provides sufficient margin for future elevated requirements. The acceptance test proved that nominal operating pressures can be lower than the design parameters, providing increased system safety and reliability. The ease of access for repair and the incorporated redundancy will limit system downtime. Finally, the system design resulted in a low consumption of LN sub 2, which is an important factor in keeping the operational costs at a low level

On the nature of the barlens component in barred galaxies: what do boxy/peanut bulges look like when viewed face-on?

Barred galaxies have interesting morphological features whose presence and properties set constraints on galactic evolution. Here we examine barlenses, i.e. lens-like components whose extent along the bar major axis is shorter than that of the bar and whose outline is oval or circular. We identify and analyse barlenses in $N$-body plus SPH simulations, compare them extensively with those from the NIRS0S (Near-IR S0 galaxy survey) and the S$^4$G samples (Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies) and find very good agreement. We observe barlenses in our simulations from different viewing angles. This reveals that barlenses are the vertically thick part of the bar seen face-on, i.e. a barlens seen edge-on is a boxy/peanut/X bulge. In morphological studies, and in the absence of kinematics or photometry, a barlens, or part of it, may be mistaken for a classical bulge. Thus the true importance of classical bulges, both in numbers and mass, is smaller than currently assumed, which has implications for galaxy formation studies. Finally, using the shape of the isodensity curves, we propose a rule of thumb for measuring the barlens extent along the bar major axis of moderately inclined galaxies, thus providing an estimate of which part of the bar is thicker.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, revised version as published in MNRA

The 22-Class Tower of Q(−5460)\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-5460})

The seminal papers in the field of root-discriminant bounds are those of Odlyzko and Martinet. Both papers include the question of whether the field $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{-5460})$ has finite or infinite $2$-class tower. This is a critical case that will either substantially lower the best known upper bound for lim inf of root-discriminants (if infinite) or else give a counter-example to what is often termed Martinet's conjecture or question (if finite). Using extensive computation and introducing some new techniques, we give strong evidence that the tower is in fact finite, establishing other properties of its Galois group en route

Statistics of the structure components in S0s: implications for bar induced secular evolution

The fractions and dimension of bars, rings and lenses are studied in the Near-IR S0 galaxy Survey (NIRS0S). We find evidence that multiple lenses in some barred S0s are related to bar resonances in a similar manner as the inner and outer rings, for which the outer/inner length ratio 2. Inner lenses in the non-barred galaxies normalized to galaxy diameter are clearly smaller than those in the barred systems. Interestingly, these small lenses in the non-barred galaxies have similar sizes as barlenses (lens-like structures embedded in a bar), and therefore might actually be barlenses in former barred galaxies, in which the outer, more elongated bar component, has been destroyed. We also find that fully developed inner lenses are on average a factor 1.3 larger than bars, whereas inner rings have similar sizes as bars. The fraction of inner lenses is found to be constant in all family classes (A, AB, B). Nuclear bars appear most frequently among the weakly barred (AB) galaxies, which is consistent with the theoretical models by Maciejewski & Athanassoula (2008). Similar sized bars as the nuclear bars were detected in seven 'non-barred' S0s. Galaxy luminosity does not uniquely define the sizes of bars or bar-related structures, neither is there any upper limit in galaxy luminosity for bar formation. Although all the family classes cover the same range of galaxy luminosity, the non-barred (A) galaxies are on average 0.6 mag brighter than the strongly barred (B) systems. Overall, our results are consistent with the idea that bars play an important role in the formation of the structure components of galaxies. The fact that multiple lenses are common in S0s, and that at least the inner lenses can have very old stellar populations, implies that the last destructive merger, or major gas accretion event, must have taken place at a fairly high redshift.Comment: 36 pages (include 13 figures, 11 tables). Accepted to MNRAS 2013 Jan 2

Circuit-Model Analysis for Spintronic Devices with Chiral Molecules as Spin Injectors

Recent research discovered that charge transfer processes in chiral molecules can be spin selective and named the effect chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS). Follow-up work studied hybrid spintronic devices with conventional electronic materials and chiral (bio)molecules. However, a theoretical foundation for the CISS effect is still in development and the spintronic signals were not evaluated quantitatively. We present a circuit-model approach that can provide quantitative evaluations. Our analysis assumes the scheme of a recent experiment that used photosystem~I (PSI) as spin injectors, for which we find that the experimentally observed signals are, under any reasonable assumptions on relevant PSI time scales, too high to be fully due to the CISS effect. We also show that the CISS effect can in principle be detected using the same type of solid-state device, and by replacing silver with graphene, the signals due to spin generation can be enlarged four orders of magnitude. Our approach thus provides a generic framework for analyzing this type of experiments and advancing the understanding of the CISS effect

MONITORING THE IMPACT ON POND PRODUCTIVITY FROM LEARNING AT THE COASTAL FIELD SCHOOL 2016-2019

The monitoring of aquaculture farmers by the UNDIP/WUR-team aims to assess the progress towards reaching the goals set by the project Building with Nature – Demak. As planned in this first year the sample was taken in one village: Tambakbulusan. As farmers implemented the learning from the Coastal Field Schools during the same season as the training was given, no baseline for this sample was measured. In the village six ponds were monitored during one cropping season; we report on five ponds as one of the ponds was the demonstration pond on which Blue Forest will report. Before stocking the ponds were dried for at least 5 days and composted goat manure was mixed to the sediment. Thereafter an good dosage of home-made organic fertilizer was added to improve water quality; during the culture period a smaller dose was added weekly to maintain the plankton growth in the pond. The farmers prepared the organic fertilizer (compost), called MOL, from fermented rotten fruits, vegetables and household waste. One farmer used an industrial compost and another fed manufactured pellets; thus the five farmers implemented partly the promoted LEISA technology. Several of the cropping cycles couldn’t be completed due to heavy rains or flooding. The ponds were restocked. Some ponds were harvested early to avoid risk of mortality due to increase of salinity of shrimp showing disease symptoms. Other water quality parameters were within the limits for recommended limits for shrimp culture. For one production cycle only from five ponds in one village, the shrimp produced per ha was three times higher for the three LEISA farmers and for the other two 20 times higher than the average found in the Demak baseline for one full year, The average gross margin (income) was IDR 46 million/cycle, i.e. 4.5 times higher, but for the three LEISA farmers this was IDR 14 million/cycle, i.e. 40% higher than the average found in the Demak baseline for one full year. From the limited sample we conclude preliminary that the technology trained by the CFS allows to reach the goals set by BwN regarding pond productivity and income from aquaculture

Secants of Lagrangian Grassmannians

We study the dimensions of secant varieties of the Grassmannian of Lagrangian subspaces in a symplectic vector space. We calculate these dimensions for third and fourth secant varieties. Our result is obtained by providing a normal form for four general points on such a Grassmannian and by explicitly calculating the tangent spaces at these four points

Agriculture Diversification in the Mekong Delta: Farmers' Motives and Contributions to Livelihoods

Although specialization is the global trend in agriculture, integrated farming systems have emerged in Vietnam. An important motive was the desire to improve the livelihoods and the diet of the nuclear families; this was evident in the analysis using the household life cycle of five phases. Off-farm diversification was especially important for a new household. At the onset of expansion, the new mothers replaced off-farm with homebound activities. During expansion the farmers increased virtual farm size by keeping more livestock; during accumulation, they invested in land or education, and during consolidation old couples adjusted farm activities to their labor capacity. Livestock, including fish, was essential for livelihood. The distribution of goats instead of cattle by credit or by "passing-on-the-gift " was far more effective for poverty alleviation. Technological innovations on the cultivation of rice and fruits, and the breeding of fish were essential for change. The improved food security and reduced cash income from rice after the 1986 reforms pushed farmers to take risks. The farm area and number of component farm activities providing cash determined the level of cash income from agriculture. Farms with at least four flows of biomass between components earned more, demonstrating that real integration improved profits. A minimum area of land in, or close to, the homestead, and know-how are required for an effective integration of components.Mekong Delta, agricultural diversification